Traditional Catholicism, Case against Lefebvre, Case against Thuc, Freemasonry, Four Marks of Church

Some years ago the validity of Holy Orders emanating from Bishop Thuc, and to a lesser extent from Marcel Lefebvre, was being actively debated. Today it seems to be all but a foregone conclusion that the Holy Orders emanating from the both of these men are considered to be valid. I believe that this is a mistake.

The consequences of erroneously presuming validity of Orders is catastrophic. With the sole exception of Baptism, none of the Sacraments would be valid. There would be no Sacramental absolution given at Confession, nor would the Body and Blood of Christ be offered at Mass or distributed at Holy Communion. And perhaps most tragically, the Sacrament of Extreme Unction wouldn’t take place at that critical time of one's death. No amount of good will or wishful thinking on the part of either the minister or the intended recipient could supply for this deficiency. Everyone loses.

I fear that this is exactly what may be happening in many traditional Catholic Churches. This is why I have written this article.

I ask the reader to bear in mind that in trying to get to the truth in this matter, it necessarily entails, by its very nature, the examination of the conduct of the persons of interest; what they said, what they did, etc. But an important distinction needs to be made between examining those deeds which bear upon the validity of Orders and examining the alleged personal sins which have no bearing on validity whatsoever. To examine and make public the former is permitted, and oftentimes necessary; to examine and make public the later is forbidden under the penalty of sin. On that note, there was a notable amount of material intentionally left out of this article, thinking that it would be better to say less with a clean conscience than to say more. To the best of my knowledge, everything stated herein is accurate and true; if it can be otherwise demonstrated to me, I will correct it with my apologies.

Almost all of the traditionalist clergy in North America and Europe have something in common, i.e., nearly all of them derive their priestly and episcopal Orders from one of two sources: Marcel Lefebvre or Bishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc. Since Marcel Lefebvre’s Society of St. Pius X (SSPX) is by far the largest of the traditionalist groups, and also since many of the most prominent traditionalist bishops of the Thuc lineage trace their priesthood back to Marcel Lefebvre, then examining the validity of Lefebvre’s Orders offers us an opportunity to cover the largest spectrum of the traditionalist clergy under a single heading.

Without valid bishops to ordain, there are no valid priests. Without valid bishops and priests, there are no Sacraments (Baptism excepted, and under certain conditions, marriage excepted as well). Without the Sacraments, there is no Church. So one can readily see that the validity of episcopal Orders is without doubt a most important question; because both the validity of the Sacraments, and the validity of bishops and priests alike, are wholly dependent upon the validity of Orders possessed by the bestowing bishop.

So the starting point for the traditionalist clergy is whether they were ordained and consecrated by a valid bishop. Absent this, everything else becomes a moot point.^[1]

Regarding the consecration of Marcel Lefebvre, all three of these requirements present a problem.

As there is no known reason to call into question the sacramental matter and form regarding the Orders received by Marcel Lefebvre, we will focus only on the sacramental intention, of which there is serious concern.

For any Sacrament to be valid, three things are necessary: proper matter, form and intention:

In the case of conferring Holy Orders, the intention of "doing what the Church does" is self-evident; the Church ordains or consecrates ministers with the intention of continuing the work of redemption that Christ entrusted to His Apostles, i.e., to administer the Sacraments of the Church, to teach all truth, to convert sinners, “to offer Sacrifice, to bless, to guide, to preach and to baptize.”^[2]

If a minister of the Sacrament of Orders has a different intention than "doing what the Church does”; his intention, be it ever so good or hostile, would cause the Sacrament to fail – Holy Orders would not be bestowed upon the intended recipient. This is accepted by all theologians and confirmed by the popes. Pope Alexander VIII condemned the following proposition in 1690:

To further help clarify this, perhaps it would be helpful to invert it from a condemned proposition to an approved one: A Baptism is not valid which is conferred by a minister … who says in his heart: I do not intend to do what the Church does.

Marcel Lefebvre was “ordained” a priest in 1929 and “consecrated” a bishop in 1947. In 1970, five years after he signed the decrees of Vatican Council II, he founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX). Three years before he died in 1991, he “consecrated” four members of the SSPX as bishops. The problem regarding the validity of the consecration of these four men goes back to the man who ordained and consecrated them, Marcel Lefebvre. The problem with Marcel Lefebvre and his highly doubtful ability to confer Holy Orders goes back to his Seminary professor, the man who ordained and consecrated Marcel Lefebvre himself – Cardinal Achille Liénart, a socialist who had distinguished himself as an ultra liberal in Vatican Council II. He died in 1973, and received this eulogy from Time Magazine:

Of greater concern to traditional Catholics than the fact that Liénart was a radical socialist was the fact that he was also a high-ranking Freemason. The proof for this assertion is compelling. Let us take a look at the evidence.

Liénart was first exposed as being a high-ranking, 30 degree Freemason in a book titled L’Infaillibilité Pontificale (Papal Infallibility), which was written by a Chamberlain of Pope Pius XII, Marquis de la Franquerie, an experienced and accomplished Catholic author^[4] as well as a personal friend of Marcel Lefebvre. In fact, the second edition of L’Infaillibilité Pontificale contains a commendation from Lefebvre in which he expresses his appreciation to his “dear Marquis” for publishing the book.^[5]

This book revealed that Liénart was “a Luciferian who frequented black masses”^[6] and whose role at Vatican Council II was dictated to him from his Masonic superiors. In a footnote to the above quoted text, the Marquis explains:

In addition to this book, there have also been several publications exposing Liénart as a Mason. One of these is a French periodical called Le Courrier Tychique, published by Max Barret, a friend and a former chauffeur of Marcel Lefebvre. This publication carried the story in its October 25, 2009 edition of Liénart’s deathbed confession to a traditionalist priest by the name of Canon Descornets. It said that Liénart not only confessed his Masonic membership, but that he further requested the Canon to make the fact of it public, and in order to facilite this, he released Canon Descornets from the seal of the confessional. The Canon complied with his request, but fearing reprecusions (he was still operating under his Vatican II bishop), he did so only to private audiences. It was from a first-hand witness at one of these audiences that Max Barret obtained the information that he published in his article.

In March, 2013, Einsicht, a conservative German publication often quoted in attempting to prove the validity of the Thuc lineage, wrote concerning Liénart's masonic membership and stated that Lefebvre acquaintance and ex-SSPX professor, Father Gerard des Lauriers, advised those who had beened ordained by Marcel Lefebrve to get themselves conditionally ordained again due to concerns about validity.

Father Luigi Villa provides yet more evidence. He was said to have been commissioned by Cardinal Ottaviani to obtain documentation about high ranking Church officials suspected of being Masons. This task one day found Father Villa in Paris, waiting near a Masonic lodge for someone to provide him with documentary evidence confirming Liénart's Masonic membership, when he was assaulted and beat into unconsciousness. While pounding him, his assailent shouted: “There is a devil on this earth!” (Who is Father Luigi Villa? by Dr. Franco Adessa)

(Another source of Liénart's masonic ties arose when an internal conflict within a Freemasonic Lodge in Italy, between Mino Pecorelli and his former Grand Master, Licio Gelli, spilled out into the public forum. As a result of this conflict, Pecorelli leaked out a membership list in July, 1976. So many credible publications have since reprinted this list that its authenticity is beyond all reasonable doubt. It should be noted, however, that Liénart's name was not found on the original list put out by Pecorelli, but made its way into the list at a later date, in which it stated: “Liénart, Achille, Cardinal. Grand Master top Mason. Bishop of Lille, France. Recruits Masons. Was leader of progressive forces at Vatican II Council.”^[8] Whether his name was added by Pecorelli himself or by someone else is unknown, which is why this is being given parathentically.)

Most significant of all of the witness is none other than Marcel Lefebvre himself. In March of 1976, Chiesa Viva No.51, a magazine published in Rome, reproduced the story from the book L’infaillibilité Pontificale claiming that Achille Liénart was a high ranking Freemason, followed by other Italian periodicals, such as Si Si, No No and Il Borghese (July, 1976)

In response to the article carried by Chiesa Viva, Lefebvre publicly acknowledged the fact that Liénart was a Freemason on at least two different occasions. The first occasion occurred in a public speaking engagment on May 11, 1976, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Speaking in broken English, Lefebvre introduced Liénart as the leader of the progressives at Vatican Council II and as a Mason:

It is interesting to note that Lefebvre immediately started to defend the “validity” of his Orders, even though their validity had not been openly challenged. Presumably Lefebvre took this defensive posture because he knew about the doubtfulness of Orders emanating from a Freemasonic minister. In point of fact, he had good reason to be concerned.

At least one of the four "bishops" consecrated by Marcel Lefebvre also acknowledges that Lierart was a Freemason:

So the question naturally arises: If Liénart was a Freemason, what about Lefebvre’s Orders? Wouldn’t there be doubt concerning their validity? Fortunately, it is not necessary to “divine” the intentions of those who are Freemasons as to whether or not they would confer Holy Orders with the “intention to do what the Church does,” because nearly every pope since 1738 has published warnings about the Freemasons and their objectives. Here’s a sampling (emphases supplied):

So bearing in mind that the destruction of Catholicism is the goal of Freemasonry, let us examine Liénart the “Mason.”

We obviously have no way of knowing with certainty what Liénart’s intentions were when he first ordained and then later consecrated Marcel Lefebvre, only he and God know that, but we can draw a reasonable conclusion based upon what the popes have taught us about high-ranking Freemasons. This reasonable conclusion would tell us that it is highly improbable that Liénart would have “intended to do what the Church does” when he ordained and consecrated Marcel Lefebvre.

Since, as just noted, the destruction of Catholicism is a Freemasonic objective, a question naturally arises: why would a high ranking Mason (Liénart) advance someone to further the interests of Catholicism and thereby undermine the interests of Masonry? It doesn’t add up, especially when one takes into account the directives that Pope Leo XIII issued to all of the bishops of the world about combating Freemasonry:

So again the question: why would Liénart ever consider validly consecrating Lefebvre, if as a result of that consecration Lefebvre would have been duty-bound to “extirpate” and to “tear away the mask” of Freemasonry? What could have possibly motivated Liénart to do that?

On the other hand, if Liénart was “wholly dedicated to bringing about the fall of the Church,” then one sure way of accomplishing that would be to destroy Apostolic Succession in the Church; and that could easily be achieved by secretly feigning the “ordinations” of priests and the “consecrations” of bishops. This writer suggests that this latter intention is the more probable one and more in keeping with right reason.

The defenders of Lefebvre, however, would have us believe that if an enemy of Catholicism visibly used proper matter and form in their ordination and consecration ceremonies, then we have no choice but to accept that intention as good and the Sacrament as valid. This is known as the external intention theory. This is not sound sacramental theology and a highly dangerous proposition, because in accepting this line of reasoning, one would have to enslave and subordinate the intention of the minister to the matter and form employed. Taking this line of reasoning to its logical conclusion, then if Anton LeVey, the founder of the Church of Satan, were to consecrate someone (supposing that he himself had obtained valid consecration, as Satanists sometimes did) by using proper matter and form, then we would have to accept that consecration at face value as being valid. But what intelligent person would accept this? What serious-minded Catholic would go to such a person for the Sacraments or entrust the welfare of their souls to him?

The defenders of this external intention supposition rely on a false premise, based principally upon the misapplication of Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Apostolicae Curae^[9] against the validity of Anglican Orders, which causes them to embrace a highly improbable scholastic theory which states that the “external intention” alone is sufficient for sacramental validity.

In support of their position, they often quote a certain portion of this encyclical which states that: “A person who has correctly and seriously used the requisite matter and form to effect and confer a sacrament is presumed for that very reason to have intended to do what the Church does.” But in presenting this sentence out of the context of the paragraph which contained it, they either naively or deceptively distort the whole of what Pope Leo XIII taught. Here is the paragraph in its entirety:

What Leo XIII is teaching here is that when the Anglicans changed the form of the Sacrament, they necessarily changed the intention of the Sacrament as well, either change being equally destructive of the Sacrament. He is not teaching that the intention is presumed valid in every case, without exception, provided that the form is not changed. This is obvious when he states that “but in so far as it [the intention] is manifested externally she is bound to judge concerning it.” So here we have the exception of a presumed good intention, i.e., an externally manifested intention otherwise.

This is why in the hypothetical case about Anton LeVey one must reject any Orders he hypothetically would have conferred, because his membership in the Church of Satan is an external manifestation of something, i.e., his hostility to God and Catholicism. So likewise in the case of Liénart, his membership in Freemasonry is an external manifestation of something as well, i.e., his hostility to God and Catholicism.

Furthermore, Leo XIII’s statement that “a person who has correctly and seriously used the requisite matter and form to effect and confer a sacrament is presumed for that very reason to have intended to do what the Church does” cannot be construed to exclude from the term “seriously” the indispensible element of the sacramental intention, as Lefebvre's defenders would have us believe:

It is also noteworthy that almost all theologians today reject the external intention theory and state that a minister of the Sacraments must have an internal intention to confer the Sacrament:

And by Pope Alexander VIII who condemned the following (as already noted above):

The inescapable conclusion here is that Liénart, by an adverse sacramental intention alone, was clearly capable of destroying the Sacraments he is supposed to have conferred on Lefebvre.

It is a strange piece of irony that those who attempt to defend Lefebvre’s Orders on the ground of the “external intention” theory, are refuted by none other than Marcel Lefebvre himself:

So it is clear that the sacramental intention, which is a necessary element in every Sacrament, is not enslaved to the external form of that Sacrament; rather, the minster must have the minimum intention of doing what the Church does or else the Sacrament is rendered invalid. Now in considering the fact that Achille Liénart was almost beyond doubt a Freemason, and considering that almost beyond doubt he would not have intended to do what the Church does when conferring the Sacraments of the Church, since Freemasons “despise the Sacraments of the Church,” we must ask ourselves: How are Catholics to deal with those who have received doubtful Orders from him?

We turn to St. Alphonsus Maria Liguori, who is a Doctor of the Catholic Church and the Patron Saint of Confessors, Theologians and Moralists. One of the greatest among his 111 written works is his book on moral theology (Theologica Moralis). Here he reiterated the Church’s teaching in determining sacramental validity in cases of doubt.^[10] It is given at some length so as to enable the reader to grasp the full import of this important doctrine of the Church which is so applicable to our situation today:

So the Church’s minimum requirement for accepting the validity of a Sacrament is “moral certainty.” To reiterate, moral certainty is one “which excludes all prudent fear of error, such that the opposite is reputed as altogether improbable.” Now in consideration of the facts surrounding Liénart’s Masonic roots and the teachings of the Popes on Freemasonry, does Marcel Lefebvre's ordination and consecration by Liénart reach this standard of moral certainty? Is all prudent fear of error absent here? When Liénart imposed his hands upon Lefebvre at the ceremonies of ordination and consecration, was it altogether improbable that his sacramental intention was other than doing what the Church does?

In considering the evidence just presented above, the answer to these questions is a resounding no. It was not altogether improbable that Liénart would have had a different intention than doing as the Church does. His membership in Masonry establishes that. The conclusion therefore is inescapable: moral certainty is lacking here. So Catholics must follow the safer course, which demands that we refuse to accept the validity of Lefebvre’s doubtful Orders, because, as the Church teaches: “it is not lawful to act on mere probability when the validity of the sacraments is in question.”^[12]

Those who attempt to defend Lefebvre’s Orders will put forward the argument that at a consecration of a bishop, there are generally two “co-consecrators” present to ensure validity, and that even if Liénart’s intention was faulty, the co-consecrators would have supplied for this Sacramental defect. This is correct regarding the consecration of bishops. But when someone is ordained a priest, there are no “co-ordainers” present to ensure validity. If the ordaining bishop fails to confer the Sacrament, there are no “back-up bishops” to supply for this deficiency. This fact is of consequence, because Lefebvre was not only “consecrated” by Liénart, he was also “ordained” by him.

There are two schools of thought regarding the Sacrament of Order on this issue. The minority view is that episcopal consecration is a separate Order from the priesthood and therefore being a validly ordained priest is not a prerequisite to receiving a valid consecration to the episcopacy. This minority position is the one adopted by the SSPX and other Lefebvre supporters.

Again, the necessary requirement of moral certainty is lacking by those who hold to the minority view, i.e., that one does not first need to be a priest to be validly consecrated a bishop. While theologians may hold to this minority view as a remotely possible theory, Catholics in practice must reject it when it comes to determining the validity of Orders, because “with the Sacraments, the safer path must be chosen.” ^[13] Moral certitude is lacking in Lefebvre’s ordination to the priesthood, therefore it logically follows that moral certitude must be at least as equally lacking in Lefebvre’s consecration to the episcopacy as well, even if his consecration had been otherwise valid.

The same teachings of the Church which causes one to reject the Orders of Marcel Lefebvre, also causes one to reject the Orders of the “bishops” supposedly consecrated by Lefebvre, and for the same reason. Granted that Lefebvre was assisted at the consecrations of the four SSPX bishops in 1988 by the 84 year old Bishop Castro Meyer, but this does not solve the problem that all four episcopal candidates received their “ordinations” to the “priesthood” by Lefebvre without the assistance of any “co-ordainers.” If one must reject Lefebvre’s Orders as being less than morally certain, then one must also equally reject anyone tracing their Orders back to Lefebvre, because as the scholastic axiom goes: “one cannot give that which one does not have.” If Lefebvre didn’t have the episcopal power, then he couldn’t bestow either that power or the power of the priesthood to others.

If there are any valid priests within the SSPX, they came from without the organization, not from within.

To further compound the doubtful validity of Lefebvre’s Orders is the fact that Liénart’s own Orders are suspect, because with the sole exception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist, the proper intention is not only required of the minister of the Sacrament, but it is also required of the recipient as well:

Therefore the question arises: Is there moral certitude that Liénart had the requisite intention when he was consecrated a bishop? A chronological look at his life may provide the answer.

So we see that Liénart had been a Mason for 16 years and a 30 degree Mason for 4 years before being consecrated a bishop. That he willingly and knowingly accepted the excommunication attached to his membership must be concluded, for it is virtually impossible that as a Seminarian studying for the priesthood, and later as a priest of 16 years, that he could have been ignorant of the Church’s teachings and penalties regarding Masonry. This facts help to set the stage for a glimpse into his mindset when he presented himself for episcopal consecration.

When one enters Freemasonry, they start at the bottom (1st degree) and work their way up. They are required to take an oath as they advance to each succeeding degree. The following is an oath for the 1st degree:

So in considering Freemasonry as a whole, and in particular the level of commitment of Liénart, the question becomes: is there moral certitude that at the time of his episcopal consecration, that Liénart would have had the proper intention required by the Church? It is within the realm of possibility that he could have had the proper intention, but does this possibility attain to moral certainty? The answer once again must be a resounding no, for what is the likelihood that an enemy of Catholicism would have a proper Catholic intention?

The answer to this question of his Sacramental intention becomes even more clear when one considers the fact that Catholicism and Freemasonry are fundamentally and diametrically opposed to one another.

Clearly, it is impossible to be a Catholic and a Mason at the same time – one must choose between the one and the other. If one chooses Catholicism, then he must, of course, reject Masonry.

But it is wholly possible, and even compatible with Masonry, that a loyal Mason can be a “Catholic” in order to carry out one of the aims of Masonry – the destruction of the Catholic Church. This is not mere speculation, Masonic infiltration into the Catholic Church is a well documented fact. There is, of course, no evidence that any of these Masonic infiltrators have ever lost membership in Masonry as a result. How could they? They were simply fulfilling one of the stated goals of Masonry. They were simply being good Masons.

So if moral certitude is to be found here, it would be fair to say that there is moral certitude that Liénart's intention in receiving the Sacrament of Orders was hostile to and destructive of the Sacrament. At best, we must consider Liénart to be no more than a priest.

So we have encountered three separate obstacles challenging the validity of Lefebvre’s episcopacy:

Each one of these three issues standing independently fails to meet the necessary criterion of moral certitude for validity. Collectively they fail even further.

So one must necessarily conclude that at best, the priestly and episcopal Orders of Lefebvre and the men he "ordained" and "consecrated" are highly doubtful; and as noted above, doubtful Orders must be rejected.

Those tracing their ordinations and/or consecrations back to Bishop Thuc are legion, and in virtue of their sheer numbers alone, they are drowning out the voices of those who legitimately call into question a very weighty issue with eternal consequences attached to it: were the consecrations performed by Archbishop Thuc valid?

Much of what I present below is an attempt to counter-balance the factual misinformation which seems prevalent everywhere regarding Bishop Thuc. On the part of some, there has been a considerable amount of “white-washing” of the not-so-edifying history of Bishop Thuc, with the result that many people have formed opinions on him based on factual errors and omissions.

The victim of all this, besides truth itself, are all those well-meaning Catholics who have misplaced their trust in the validity of the Sacramental Orders emanating from him. I believe that this needs to be corrected.

Unlike Marcel Lefebvre, there is no reason to doubt the personal validity of Bishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc’s consecration. He was a valid bishop with the power to validly consecrate other bishops. But like Lefebvre’s consecrator, Cardinal Liénart, the question of a valid sacramental intention causes concern in Bishop Thuc's regard too. His advocates would have us blindly accept the validity of his consecrations and ignore that which is externally manifest, i.e., Bishop Thuc was, by and large, not a traditionalist; his behavior was very erratic; and he said and did many things which cast serious doubts upon the validity of the consecrations performed by him. First, a brief look at the historical Bishop Thuc.

Born in 1897, Bishop Ngo Dinh Thuc was consecrated a bishop in South Vietnam in 1938, and promoted to the dignity of “archbishop” in 1960 by the doubtfully valid pope – John XXIII.

Bishop Thuc was an active participant in Vatican Council II and reportedly signed all of the documents of that false council. After the close of Vatican Council II, Paul VI would not permit him to return to Vietnam, so Bishop Thuc started his life as a disgruntled exile in Rome. In 1968, Paul VI appointed Bishop Thuc as Titular Archbishop of Bulla Regia (an ancient, now vacant see in Tunisia).

While living in Rome, Bishop Thuc got to know Fr. Ravaz, who at the time was teaching in Marcel Lefebvre's seminary in Switzerland. In the mid-1970’s, Fr. Ravaz became involved with a group of “visionaries” in Palmar de Troya, Spain, headed by an insurance broker, Clemente Dominguez Gomez, who believed that the "real" Paul VI was a prisoner of the Vatican and that the visible Paul VI was a living duplicate of the imprisoned one. (After Paul VI died in 1978, Dominguez claimed that Christ had mystically crowned him pope and he took the name of Gregory XVII. He subsequently started his own church and declared Paul VI to be a martyr-saint.)

One day Fr. Ravaz told Bishop Thuc that “Our Lady” had work for him to do in Palmar de Troya, and so off went Bishop Thuc. On December 31, 1975, Bishop Thuc ordained Clemente and four other lay men to the priesthood, and just 12 days later he consecrated two of the five newly ordained men and three others to the episcopacy for the Palmar de Troya group. (As an aside, in less than 2 years Clemente "consecrated" to the episcopacy no less than 70 men.)

Because Bishop Thuc did this without a mandate (permission) from Rome, on September 17, 1976, Paul VI “excommunicated” him. Thereupon Bishop Thuc quickly repented, renounced what he had done in Spain, and Paul VI received him back into the Vatican II church.

On July 10, 1976, just six months after the Palmarian fiasco, we find Thuc consecrating his first bishop for the Old Catholic Church, Labat d'Arnoux. On February 2, 1977, Bishop Thuc conditionally consecrated another Old Catholic by the name of Jean Laborie (who, incidentally, had been previously consecrated four other times.) Over the next few years, Bishop Thuc will consecrate at least three more bishops for the Old Catholic Church.^[15]

In 1978, Bishop Thuc moved to Toulon, France and took up residence with a Buddhist Vietnamese family. While there, he regularly assisted Vatican II bishop, Barthe de Frejus, at his Cathedral in Toulon.

On April 16th, 1981, Holy Thursday, Bishop Thuc was caught concelebrating the New Mass with Barthe de Frejus. He had also been hearing “confessions” of the Vatican II church members in the same cathedral. Yet a mere three weeks after this event, Bishop Thuc had his first flirt with traditional Catholicism and consecrated Guerard des Lauriers on May 7, 1981.

Then on October 17, 1981, Bishop Thuc consecrated two traditionalists Mexican priests, Moises Carmona and Aldolfo Zamora.

On April 18, 1982, and then again on September 25, 1982, Bishop Thuc consecrated two more traditionalist bishops, Luigi Boni and Christian Datessen respectively.

Later in 1982, Bishop Thuc moved to New York to live with a traditionalist bishop of Thuc lineage – Louis Vezelis. (Thuc - Carmona - Musey - Vezelis).

On March 12, 1983, John Paul II excommunicated Bishop Thuc for once again consecrating without a mandate from Rome.

On January 8, 1984, Bishop Thuc moved to Carthage Missouri to live at a Vatican II Vietmenese seminary located there, and it is there that he died on December 13, 1984.

So in the course of six years, Bishop Thuc consecrated 15 men: 5 for the Palmarian Church, 5 for the Old Catholic Church, and 5 for various traditional Catholic Churches.^[16] Considering that the average bishop performs 1 episcopal consecration in the course of his life, 15 or more consecrations in the span of six years is quite extraordinary, to say the least. Was all of this done in an effort by Bishop Thuc to preserve traditional Catholicism, as some claim? The answer to this question can be clarified by examining the conduct of Bishop Thuc himself, being cognizant of the fact that a man’s actions do indeed, speak louder than his words.

The fact or whether or not Bishop Thuc was a traditionalist bears only lightly on the validity of his ordination of priests and of his consecration of bishops and is therefore somewhat off topic here. But considering that many with a personal interest at stake have essentially canonized him as some kind of great traditional Catholic hero fighting against all of the evils of modernism in the Church is pure fiction, if not an outright lie. The evidence speaks for itself and I now present it here and in the following subsection.

* Father Noel Barbara, a traditionalist priest, accompanied by Father Barthe, met with Bishop Thuc on two occasions, once in March, 1981 and again in January, 1982. He wrote of his visits:

* In 1988, several “traditionalist priests” flew to Germany to interview Drs. Hiller and Heller, two traditional Catholic Germans who produced a publication called Einsicht. Drs. Hiller and Heller, friends and advocates of Bishop Thuc, had personally known (the now deceased) Bishop Thuc and had been active participants in several of the Thuc consecrations. These interviews with Drs. Hiller and Heller were recorded and excerpts of them put into print:

* The above named Einsicht published Bishop Thuc’s autobiography, reportedly written between 1978 and 1980. In this unauthenticated biography Bishop Thuc wrote:

* In February, 1982, a declaration of Bishop Thuc was published. We will take a closer look at this Declaration shortly, but here is the English translation, presented in its entirety:

* Another piece of evidence is a joint declaration made by Bishop Thuc and the two Mexican priests he consecrated in 1981. It was published on May 26, 1983:

* The final piece of evidence is another declaration which Bishop Thuc along with five other Thuc “bishops,” purportedly signed in Mexico. This declaration is quite lengthy even in its abridged form, which was published by the traditionalist magazine, The Seraph. As this declaration contains nothing not already addressed in Thuc’s other two declarations, and as its abridged form is three full pages long, it has not been reproduced here. It is of interest, however, that this declaration bears the same date as the one just reproduced above: May 26, 1983 – for this feeds the theory of some that Bishop Thuc’s public traditionalist stands were being orchestrated by others.

All of the above evidence, standing alone, favor the fact that Bishop Thuc professed himself to be a traditional Catholic bishop and considering this, would provide little cause to question his intentions when he conferred Holy Orders. But the truth of the matter is that the above represents just one face of the many-faced Bishop Thuc.

If Bishop Thuc had been a true traditional Catholic bishop, he would have been faithful to the great responsibility God had placed on his shoulders as a Catholic bishop, i.e., to recognize that all his “efforts must aim at preserving the truth faith.” (Cath. Ency., Bishops, Obligations) When Vatican Council II was threatening to shipwreck the spiritual welfare of his flock, his obligation to take a firm stand with orthodoxy was greater than ever, for “if it is dangerous for the helmsman to leave the ship when the sea is calm, how much more so when it is stormy.” (Pope Nicholas I, cf. VII, qu. i, can. Sciscitaris). His solemn responsibility, as a chosen vessel of God, was “not to personally desert his flock, neither on account of any temporal convenience nor on account of any imminent personal danger, as the good shepherd ought to lay down his life for his sheep.” (St. Thomas, Summa, 2nd of 2nd, 185, 5) Such is the role of a bishop in relation to his flock when spiritual danger lurks.

So when it became obvious that Vatican Council II was attempting to destroy Catholicism, not preserve it, where was Bishop Thuc? Where is to be found the record of him vigorously fighting for the cause of “preserving the true faith” at Vatican Council II? The answer is that there is no record of him doing this. He was silent while Catholicism was being assaulted. Was the reason that Bishop Thuc didn’t speak out at the Council in defense of true Catholicism due to the fact that he was simply a timid old man, too cowardly to speak out, as some have suggested? The record shows that he was not afraid to speak out, and speak out he did – but not against the errors of Vatican Council II; shockingly, he railed against the Council because it wasn’t liberal enough! Below are two quotes from Bishop Thuc given at Vatican Council II:

* Editor’s note: Much of the quoted material given below in this section on Bishop Thuc is grammatically ungainly, but in an effort to preserve accuracy, it is presented without alteration, unless otherwise noted.

Since the focus of this article is concerning the validity of Thuc’s consecrations, all of the errors contained in these two paragraphs will have to be addressed elsewhere. It is sufficient to note here that out of his own mouth he established himself to be anything but a traditional Catholic, for while the very heart and soul of Catholicism was under attack, his concerns were with ecumenism with non-Christians and equal rights for women. Sadly, it didn’t end there.

* In reference to the Palmar de Troya consecrations, as noted above, Paul VI excommunicated Bishop Thuc. Did Bishop Thuc ignore the “excommunication” on the legitimate grounds that a false pope has no power to expel anyone from the Catholic Church? Quite to the contrary. Bishop Thuc in fact acknowledged the excommunication as valid.

So clearly in 1976, he still acknowledged Paul VI and the Vatican II church as legitimate; which in fact seemed to be his consistent position with the exception of a short stint with the traditionalist movement for a few short years.

* In Bishop Thuc’s autobiography, written between 1978 and 1980, he continued to acknowledge John XXIII and Paul VI as valid popes:

* Father Barthe, referenced above, writes further of Bishop Thuc’s affiliation with the Vatican II church when he and Father Noel Barbara went to France to meet with Bishop Thuc on January 7, 1981. Again we cite his article - Fortes in Fide, #12:

Perhaps he did not do so because as the majority of the evidence suggests - he indeed recognized John Paul II as a legitimate and valid pope.

* This recognition of John Paul II as pope manifested itself even during the very consecration ceremonies of the traditionalist clergy. A recorded debate between traditionalist “priests” William Jenkins and Anthony Cekada, Jenkins makes this unchallenged statement:

* In Bishop Thuc’s 1983 declaration which he signed with five of his “episcopal” progeny, the opening statement of this declaration reads: “The Roman Catholic Bishops united with His Excellency Archbishop Ngo-Dinh-Thuc, sole Catholic Archbishop in the world…” Thuc also signed this declaration as “Archbishop Peter Martin Ngo-Dinh-Thuc.” Yet the third paragraph of this declaration states: “We hold… that the Apostolic See has been vacant since the death of Pius XII…” The contradiction is glaring, if the Apostolic See has been vacant since the death of Pope Pius XII, then why does Bishop Thuc still go by the title of Archbishop, a title bestowed upon him by John XXIII?

* Bishop Thuc died on December 13, 1984, at the Vatican II seminary of Our Lady of the Ozarks, Carthage, Missouri. Five days after his death the following was published as his last public statement:

Bishop Thuc consecrated at least 15 men, why is he singling out here only three of them? Did he find no error in consecrating the others? Why have these three and these three alone have been singled out by him for a final mea culpa? I suspect that these are questions that we will never know the answers to.

So, Bishop Thuc’s final statement neatly sums up in words what had in fact been his conduct in life, that with the exception of a period spanning less than three years, Bishop Thuc had been a professing member of the Vatican II Church; that’s how he lived, that’s where he died, and that's what he professed to believe in when he died.

We have already seen some of the strange notions put forward by Bishop Thuc during his attendance at the false Council of Vatican II. His own biography gives us even further insight into his liberal and unorthodox mentality:

So is Bishop Thuc here arguing that instead of following the custom of deep reverence in receiving the Precious Body and Blood of Our Divine Lord, we should rather sit and consume His Precious Body and Blood with chopsticks in the same manner that we would eat chop suey? And to do this besides on banana leaves? Add to this what was given above in his speech at Vatican Council II in favor of female equality in the Church and pushing for greater ecumenism with non-Christians, and we start to get a clearer insight into what makes him tick, and certainly doesn't appear to be traditional Catholicism.

Bishop Thuc was a well educated man, having received doctorates in philosophy, theology, and Canon Law, as well as a license to teach from the renowned Sorbonne. So absent from suffering from some kind of dementia, he would have certainly known the gravity of bestowing Orders upon unworthy candidates, as well as the gravity of conferring Orders contrary to the manner prescribed by the Church. Yet, this is exactly what he did; he ordained and consecrated people wholly unfit for Orders and sometimes did so contrary to Church law governing such matters.

* Father Barbara also wrote of Bishop Thuc in another article titled “Burning Questions, Straight Answers”:

* Dr. Hiller was asked about Bishop Thuc’s consecration of a member of the schismatic Old Catholic Church:

* As already noted, in 1978 Bishop Thuc consecrated two men, Roger Kozik and Michel Fernadez. These two individuals present yet another case against Bishop Thuc for imposing his hands on unworthy candidates.

* There is also an interesting letter written by Father Adolfo Zamora in which he expresses doubts about the validity of his own consecration:

The soundness of Bishop Thuc’s mind is a frequently recurring issue, and it is so for good reason. Much has been said elsewhere about Bishop Thuc enabling the Palmarians in founding their new Church by ordaining and consecrating clergy for them. His gullibility in this instance is truly astonishing, as he recorded in his own autobiography:

We hope and pray that Bishop Thuc did in fact have a mental deficiency, because in considering all of the evil that has emanated from his reckless ordinations and consecrations, this bishop, who possessed three doctorates and other degrees of learning, would have been horribly culpable before the judgment seat of God, unless he did indeed “have the mind of a child.”

So far, we have produced a significant amount of evidence challenging the notion that Bishop Thuc was a traditionalist whose only intention in conferring Orders was to preserve true Catholicism. Standing in opposition to all of this evidence are some statements attributed to Bishop Thuc himself. If Bishop Thuc had been a credible man, then his statements might carry some weight. But was he credible? Simply because he said something, do we have good reason for believing it?

According to Bishop Thuc’s own autobiography, when he was snookered into going to Palmar de Troya to bestow Orders, he found himself in a little bit of a pickle, because it was Christmas Eve and he was scheduled to offer Christmas Mass in the local Vatican II church. So, did he tell the priest, at whose parish he was assisting, the truth about why he could not offer Christmas Mass? Or if unwilling to tell him the truth, did he simply inform him that he was unable to offer the Mass for personal or private reasons? No, he didn’t do that, instead, he chose to lie.

It has already been noted above that after Bishop Thuc was “excommunicated” for the Palmar consecrations, how he “recognized his own error” and issued his mea culpa for it. And yet, barely 4 months later, we find Bishop Thuc laying hands on Jean Laborie to make him a bishop of an anti-Catholic Church, the Old Catholic Church. So, was Bishop Thuc’s acknowledged error and contrition real? Or was it done simply to deceive the Vatican in order to get his “excommunication” lifted? Another “exercise in diplomacy” that Dr. Hiller referred to?

Why is Bishop Thuc only challenging the Sacraments of Orders, Confirmation and Extreme Unction? Why is he excluding from this list the Sacrament of Confession? Could it be because he had been hearing “Confessions” in the Vatican II church and didn’t want to implicate himself? For if “God rejects” the sacrament of Confession in the Vatican II church, doesn’t it necessarily follow that God would also reject the minister of that rejected sacrament, i.e., Bishop Thuc himself?

So it appears that we are dealing with duplicity here – a declaration not according to truth, but rather one of modified “truth,” one that shields the declarant from condemning himself by his own statement. This could be added to the list of things that challenge the credibility of Bishop Thuc; he has not been totally honest and truthful in this and other statements in support of traditional Catholicism. Even Bishop Thuc advocate, Father des Lauriers, acknowledged this tendency in Bishop Thuc when he referred to him in his “In Memoriam” as being someone who was “less than candid.”

It is also interesting to note that Bishop Thuc did not challenge the validity of the Vatican II sacraments of Orders, Confirmation and Extreme Unction in this declaration, but merely stated that they are rejected by God. Many false religions have valid sacraments that are “rejected” by God, because they are illicit. So in simply stating that these sacraments are displeasing to God is not the same as saying that they are invalid; a simple distinction someone with his educational background could not have been ignorant of. So why did he stop short of saying that they were invalid? Is it because he didn’t believe them to be invalid? Or are we dealing with yet another act of “diplomacy” on the part of Bishop Thuc?

Another piece of disturbing evidence is Bishop Thuc’s joint 1983 Declaration together with Fathers Carmona and Zamora, already given above. This Declaration in part states:

If the Apostolic See has been vacant since the death of Pope Pius XII and if Angelo Roncalli (John XXIII) was "never a legitimate pope" and his acts were "null and void"; then both John XXIII and Paul VI were powerless to excommunicate Bishop Thuc, to elevate him to the status of archbishop, to demand and receive the resignation of his See in Vietnam, to bestow upon him the titular See of Bulla Regia... these all being, of course, papal acts. So again, why then did Bishop Thuc throughout his career sign his name with the title of “Archbishop,” a position given to him by John XXIII? Why did he sign his name with the title of “Titular Archbishop of Bulla Regia,” a See given him by Paul VI? Why did he submit his resignation to Paul VI and accept excommunication from him? Isn’t Bishop Thuc implicitly denying that which he explicitly affirms? And, no less, in the very same document in which he denounced their authority to perform papal acts?

If Bishop Thuc believed that the New “Mass” was invalid, then why did he concelebrate the New Mass in France and why did he regularly serve it as an Acolyte? By doing so, isn’t he, by his own definition, admitting to participating in a “new humanistic religion”?

And furthermore, doesn’t concelebrating the New Mass and serving it as an Acolyte constitute Bishop Thuc as having “accepted this New ‘Mass’”? And consequently, didn’t he, according to his own Declaration, “apostatized from the true faith” and “separated [him]self from the true Church”?

We don’t need to pass judgment on Bishop Thuc, he just passed judgment on himself: in virtue of his own Declaration, he judged himself an apostate. ^[30]

He was part of that “apostate and schismatic hierarchy”! He participated in Vatican Council II! He was one of the culprits responsible for enacting this “heretical Decree on Religious Freedom”! So by the above statement, Bishop Thuc is actually affirming (what was only too true) that he too was part of that hierarchy guilty of denying the holy traditions of the Faith.

So how does one explain these evident contradictions? How does one reconcile such opposing statements? Was he suffering from a mental disorder? Was he simply everybody’s yes-man? Or was there perhaps something else motivating him?

The sin of simony is the buying and selling of spiritual things. If a bishop were to ordain or consecrate someone for monetary gain, he would be guilty of the sin of simony, which besides being a sacrilege, would cause him to be both suspect of heresy and suspended.

Further evidence comes from Father Guerard des Lauriers, who, as noted above, was “consecrated” by Bishop Thuc in 1981. A friend and staunch advocate of Bishop Thuc, he wrote a remembrance about Bishop Thuc shortly after Bishop Thuc's death in 1984. In his “In Memoriam” of Bishop Thuc, Father des Lauriers makes some candid revelations with an honesty rarely to be found among Thuc supporters. Bear in mind, however, that this is written by an advocate of Bishop Thuc and consequently it was couched in such tones as to be protective of him as possible.

It is tragic that instead of putting his trust in God's caring providence, Bishop Thuc, at a minimum, gave the appearance of having sold out for monetary considerations. God would have taken care of him, if only he had put God first.

A sacrilege is the irreverent treatment of sacred things. For example, if someone goes through the external motions of conferring a Sacrament (a sacred thing), but withholds his intention of actually conferring that Sacrament, then no Sacrament takes place, as was noted above; instead a sacrilege occurs. This type of conduct is referred to as simulating (faking) a Sacrament. Like simony, the sacrilegious simulating of a Sacrament is a grievous sin and offense against God.

Now since no one can ever be 100% certain that the minister of a Sacrament has the intention of “doing what the Church does,” the integrity of the sacramental minister is obviously of upmost importance. If a valid minister of a Sacrament employs the proper matter and form, and gives no cause for one to suspect his intention, we accept the Sacrament as valid. But what if the minister gives us cause to suspect him?

When inquiry was made about Bishop Thuc concelebrating the new mass with the Vatican II bishop of Toulon, the following testimony was given:

It is worth noting that this testimony was admitted to during the above mentioned Cekada-Jenkins debate by Cekada himself, a pro-Bishop Thuc defender:

Here we are presented with two witness (Hiller and Heller) who heard from Bishop Thuc himself that on at least one occasion he faked a Sacrament of the Church – he simulated saying Mass.^[34] As a consequence, he has parted company from those men whom the Church presumes to be trustworthy ministers of the Sacraments. He has given us reason to distrust him with the Sacraments of the Church.

To help clarify this, consider this hypothetical scenario: Suppose you owned a bank and a prospective employee told you that he had once robbed a bank, would you hire him? Or if you were in charge of security and a prospective employee told you that he had been guilty of espionage in the past, again, would you hire him? No. For the simple reason that they could not be trusted. And if this is true in things pertaining to one’s temporal welfare, how much more is it true pertaining to one’s spiritual welfare? If a person cannot be trusted with your material assets or with your temporal security, how much more should he not be trusted with the eternal welfare of your soul? After all, what is the potential loss of material assets or physical security compared with the potential loss of God and eternal life?

But this is what one must deal with when a minister of God has been discovered to have been so duplicitous as to go through the externals of having offered Mass and yet at the same time withheld his Sacramental intention.

This admission by Bishop Thuc naturally gives rise to a follow-up question: If he admitted to doing it at least once, has he in fact done it more than once? When he laid his hands on these various men of doubtful reputation, did he withhold his intention of conferring the Sacrament of Orders upon them? Apparently he did:

So we now have a second and independent source citing yet another admission from Bishop Thuc in which he stated that he simulated the Sacraments of the Church, with the end result being that at least 5 of his 15 so-called consecrations were certainly invalid, null and void; because by his own admission Bishop Thuc intentionally botched them.

But, are these statements true? Did Bishop Thuc in fact fake a “mass” and did he withhold his intention when conferring episcopal consecrations? If rebuttal evidence could be found, then we could, perhaps, question the accuracy of these events. But there is no rebuttal evidence to be found anywhere, and this speaks volumes.

In the normal course of events, if any bishop was falsely charged with such a serious crime as simulating the Sacraments of the Church, one would expect a very loud and vocal denial of the accusations, followed by immediate demands for correction and retraction. Perhaps a defamation suit might even be in order. But in the case of Bishop Thuc, the record is absolutely silent. The article in the Angelus magazine was published two and one-half years before his death, and yet there is not a peep of protest against it to be found anywhere. And the publication of the Angelus article is not the only instance of a mooted Bishop Thuc.

Before Anthony Cekada was “pro-Thuc,” he was “anti-Thuc,” and he published a highly critical article against Bishop Thuc entitled “Two Bishops in Every Garage.” In this article, published two years before Bishop Thuc’s death, he charges that Bishop Thuc “simulated the celebration of Mass – simulation of a sacrament.” And yet again, nothing from Bishop Thuc - just more silence. Where are the denials and demands for retraction for the serious accusation against him found in this article? The fact of the matter is that there are none. And why not? Because in all probability, Bishop Thuc knew that this article and the one found in the Angelus magazine were both factual and correct. He had indeed simulated the Sacraments of the Church. After all, how could he deny it, when he had already admitted to it in the presence of witnesses?

No matter what angle you view this from; that is, Bishop Thuc really did void these acts by withholding his necessary Sacramental intention, or that Bishop Thuc just made those statements to get himself out of a pickle, the end result is the same – his integrity as a trustworthy minister of the Sacraments of the Church has been ruined. His conduct has come short of the minimum standard of moral certainty required by the Church for accepting the validity of the Sacraments conferred by him – most especially in the area of episcopal consecrations.

Now to recap what has already been proven above: the Church’s minimum requirement for accepting the validity of a Sacrament is “moral certainty.” Moral certainty is one “which excludes all prudent fear of error, such that the opposite is reputed as altogether improbable.”

How can one argue that there is no "prudent fear of error" as to the validity of his episcopal consecrations or that it is "altogether improbable" that his consecrations were invalid when the facts show that he faked episcopal consecrations at least 5 times before? No rational or honest person could make such an agrument.

^[1] And unlike receiving illicit Orders, or losing membership from the Church due to heresy, schism or apostasy, invalidity of Orders cannot be corrected by the process of confession, abjuring one’s error and professing one’s faith. Only the valid reception of Orders can correct the fatal defect of invalidity of Orders.

^[2] “oportet offerre, benedicere, praeesse, praedicare et baptizare.” Pontificale Romanum, 1873

^[3] Denzinger, 1318

^[4]Andre Le Sage Le Franquerie Tourre (1901 – 1992), editor of the periodical International Review of Secret Societies and camééier (manservant) of five popes, writing under the pen name of Marquis de la Franquerie, was a prolific French author credited with having written more than 25 Catholic books and periodicals. He served as Papal Chamberlain, an honorary title given to clerics by the Holy See, and was entitled to be addressed as Very Reverend Monsignor.

^[5] “De S. Exc. Monseigneur Marecl LEFEBVRE, Archeveque de Synadia:
    Fribourg, le 14 Mai 1970.
Cher Monsieur le Marquis,
    Comment vous dire ma satisfaction a la lecture de votre brochure sur ces themes si importants et qui eclairent la crise don’t nous souffrons. Car il est evident que l’Eglise est investie par les erreurs condamnees maintes fois par les Papes.
    Helas. Tout est bon pour persecuter ceux qui demeurent fideles. Je le vois tous les jours ici et en France. Ce sont des jours bien sombres. Je crains que les chatiments soient proches.
    Unissons nos priers pour ‘Eglise et le salut des ames.
    Agreez, Cher Monsieur le Marquis, l’expression de mon respectueux et cordial devouement en N.S.
    (lettre autographe) ” L’Infaillibilité Pontificale, p. 112-13.

English translation:
    "From His Excellency, Mrgr. Marcel Lefebvre, Archbishop of Synadia:
    Fribourg, May 14, 1970
    Dear Marquis,
    How I express my appreciation in reading your brochure on these topics, which are so important and which illuminate the crisis we are suffering. For it is obvious that the Church is infected by the errors condemned again and again by the Popes.
    Alas! All this benefits the persecution of those who remain faithful. I see it every day here and in France. These are bleak days. I fear that chastisements are close at hand.
    Let us unite our prayers for the Church and the salvation of souls.
    Accept, dear Marquis, the expression of my respectful and cordial devotion in Our Lord.
    (hand written) L’Infaillibilité Pontificale, p. 112-13.

^[6] “Cardinal Liénart - un luciferien qui frequentait les meses noires” L’Infaillibilité Pontificale, p.80

^[7]“Cette attitude du Cardinal ne pouvait surprendre ceux qui connaissaient son appurtenance aux Loges Maconniques et luciferiennes. C’etait la raison pour laquelle l’auteur de cette etude s’etait toujours refuse a accompagner le Cardinal Liénart dans les ceremonies officielles, comme Camerier secret.”
“Le Cardinal avait ete initie in 1912 dans une Loge de Cambrai, dont le frère Debierre etait le venerable. Il frequenta une loge a Cambrai, trois a Lille, une a Valenciennes et deux a Paris dont une Loge plus specialement composee de parlementaires. En 1919, il est indique comme Visiteur (18° degre), puis en 1924 comme 30°. Le futur cardinal rencontrait dans les Loges le Frere Debierre et Roger Salengro. Debierre etait l’un des informateurs du Cardinal Gasparri, qui avait ete initie in Amerique, et du Cardinal Hartmann, archeveque de Cologne, Rose-Croix d’Allemagne.” L’Infaillibilité Pontificale, footnote #4, p. 80

^[8] https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/total_truth_sciences/oRnqyhnCuI4

^[9] Apostolicae Curae, On the Nullity of Anglican Orders, Pope Leo XIII, Sept. 18, 1896.

^[10] The body of moral theology which deals with this topic is called Probabilism. “Probabilists holds that if five or six theologians, notable for prudence and learning, independently adhere to an opinion their view is solidly probable, if it has not been set aside by authoritative decisions or by intrinsic arguments which they have failed to solve. Even one theologian of very exceptional authority, such as St. Alphonsus Liguori, is able to make an opinion solidly probable, as we know from the official declarations of the Holy See.” Probabilism – Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911.

^[11] “Hic tamen advertendum diversas dari probabilitatum species: alia enim est opinio tenuiter probabilis, alia probabilis, alia probabilior, alia probabilissima, alia certa moraliter, alia tuta, alia tutior. Opinio tenuiter probabilis est, quae aliquo fundamento nititur, sed non tali, ut valeat assensum viri prudentis ad se trahere; hac autem opinione nequimus licite… Probabilis est, quae gravi fundamento nititur, vel intrinseco rationes vel extrinseco auctoritatis, quod valet ad se trahere assensum viri prudentis, etsi cum formidine oppositi. Probabilior est, quae nititur fundamento graviori, sed etiam cum prudenti formidine oppositi, ita ut contraria etiam probabilis censeatur. Probabilissima est, quae nitutiur fundamento gravissimo; quapropter oppisita censetur vel tenuiter, vel dubie probabilis; hac autem opinione semper licite utimur… Opinio sive sententia moraliter certa est quae omnem prudentem formidinem falsitatis excludit, ita ut opposita reputetur omnino improbabilis. Opinio demum tuta est, quae recedit ab omni peccandi periculo. Tutior vero, quae magis a tali periculo recedit, tametsi rationibus firmioribus non nitatur.
     Deinde advertendum, aliam esse probabilitatem Facti, aliam Juris. Probabilitas Facti est quae versatur circa rei veritatem, sive rei substantiam, nempe an Sacramentum cum tali materia collatum, sit validum, aut nullum…
    His positis dicimus, nunquam esse licitum uti opinione proabili probabilitate Facti cum periculo damni alterius, aut sui ipsius; quia hujusmodi probabilitas minime aufert periculum damni; si enim opinio illa est falsa, non evitabitur proximi, aut operantis damnum; nam si exempli gratia Baptismus cum saliva collatus revera est nullus, ita ut Infans sine Baptismo remaneat, probabilitas in oppisitum non potest utique efficere, ut sit validus.
    Hinc infertur 1. Non esse licitum in materia fidei, et in omnibus ad aeternam salutem necessitate medii spectantibus, sequi opinionem nec minus probabilem (ut inepte dicebat Propos. 4 ab Innoc. XI proscripta) neque probabiliorem; sed tenemur sequi sententiam tutiorem…”
    Hinc infertur 4. Quod in collatione Sacramentorum nequit Minister uti opinione nec probabili, nec probabiliori circa eorum valorem, sed tenetur sequi sententiam tutam, quae est illa, quae vel est tutior, vel moraliter certa…
    Itaque universe decendum, nunquam esse licitum uti opinione probabili probabilitate facti, ubi est periculum damni, vel injuriae Proximi.” Theologia Moralis, Lib. I, Cap. III, De Conscientia Probabili, by St. Aphonsus Maria Liguori

^[12] “If the uncertainty concerns the validity of an action which must certainly be valid, it is not lawful to act on mere probability unless, indeed, this is of such a nature as to make the Church certainly supply what is needed for the validity of the act. Thus, apart from necessity, it is not lawful to act on mere probability when the validity of the sacraments is in question. Again, it is not lawful to act on mere probability when there is question of gaining an end which is obligatory, since certain means must be employed to gain a certainly required end. Hence, when eternal salvation is at stake, it is not lawful to be content with uncertain means.” Probabilism – Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911.

^[13] The Sacraments in General, Moral Theology, Bk. 6, Ch.4 , St. Alphonsus

^[14] Jacques de Molay was Grand Master of the Knights Templar. In 1307 he was summoned by Pope Clement V to answer accusations brought against the Templars. Molay twice pleaded guilty to some of the accusations, notably the alleged obligation of the Templars on joining the order to deny Christ and to spit upon the crucifix. He later retracted this admission. He went to trial and was found guilty. Thereupon King Philip the Fair sent him to the stake.

^[15] Claude Nanta of Torrini - 3/19/77, Roger Kozik and Michel Fernadez - 10/19/78

^[16] Some claim the number is actually higher and some claim the number is lower, but these 15 men claimed to have received consecration from Bishop Thuc and are generally accepted as such.

^[17] Fortes in Fides, #12

^[18] The Sacred and the Profane - recorded interview, Dr. Kurt Hiller, February 10, 1988, Munich, Germany, page 60.

^[19] Cekada-Jenkins video debate (9/17/02), part 14 of 16. The pro-Thuc Cekada acknowledged the factual accuracy of this statement by Jenkins.

^[20] The Sacred and the Profane, ibid.

^[21] Warning, Concerning A Sect, Fr. Barbara

^[22] A letter written by Aldolfo Zamora, which was translated from Spanish and published May 21, 1984.

^[23] Autobiography of Bishop Thuc, published by Einsicht.

^[24] Anthony Cekada – Two Bishops in Every Garage, citing Rene Rouchette, "Mise au point au sujet du sacre de Mgr. Guerard des Lauriers," Lettres non-conformistes, no. 28, (Apr., 1982)

^[25] The Athanasian citing Donald Sanborn - The Thuc Consecrations: A Postscript, 1993.

^[26] Ibid.

^[27] The Athanasian citing William Jenkins - The Thuc Consecrations: An Open Appeal To Father Donald Sanborn, 1993

^[28] The Sacred and the Profane – p. 50.

^[29] The Sacred and the Profane - recorded interview, Dr. Kurt Hiller, February 10, 1988, Munich, Germany, page 61.

^[30] The Canonical definition of apostasy is if someone “falls away entirely from the Christian faith.” (Canon 1325, 2) From this definition, it seems clear that the sole deed of accepting the New Mass could not be said to constitute an entire falling away from the Christian faith as Bishop Thuc asserted.

^[31] Fortes in Fides, #12

^[32] The Sacred and the Profane - recorded interview, Dr. Kurt Hiller, February 10, 1988, Munich, Germany, pages 47-48.

^[33] Cekada - Jenkins debate, ibid.

^[34] We are setting aside here the question of the "Mass" he faked being an invalid mass and therefore no mass at all, because at this point in his life he has made no statements challenging the validity of the new mass. If fact, by the very fact that he would concelebrate the new mass with the local bishop in such a public manner is a clear manifestation of his belief in its validity, or a manifestation that he was a duplicitous hypocrite; I choose to believe the former. Also supporting the proposition that Bishop Thuc believed the mass was valid is the fact that he did not justify himself by denying its validity, but rather he justified himself by saying that he faked it.

APPENDIX

Rebuttals to Certain Objections

There are several reoccurring themes that seem to get passed around and around among those who support the theory that we must accept Masonic Orders as being certainly valid (hereinafter the “pro-validity group”). There is also a general consensus among this group that Liénart was in fact not a Mason at all. They come to these conclusions by: 1) dismissing credible witnesses, 2) making certain theological deductions from silence alone, and 3) purporting to give historical precedence for the Church’s acceptance of Masonic Orders. I will try to demonstrate that all three of these arguments are opposed to both fact and Catholic doctrine.

1) Thou Shalt Not Bear False Witness Against Thy Neighbor

The Attack on Credible Witnesses

After dismissing Marcel Lefebvre’s very public admission that Liénart was a Mason (more on this later), the pro-validity group claims that all of the evidence proving that Liénart was a Mason can be reduced to a single book (this "single book" allegation has already disproven in the main article above) called “Papal Infallibility,” written by a French author, the Marquis de la Franquerie.

Let me first state that the claim put forth by the Marquis in his book (that Liénart was a Mason) is an extremely serious charge and therefore it is both just and even necessary to examine the truth of this claim. If this claim is false, may God have mercy on the Marquis. But if we entertain any hope of arriving at the truth of this claim, the examination of it needs to be done fairly and according to Catholic principles. Since the evidence that the Marquis presents is referred to as witness evidence, we need to ascertain what the Church teaches regarding it. St. Thomas gives us the guiding principles:

Of Injustice with Regard to the Person of the Witness: “Good is to be presumed of everyone unless the contrary appear, provided this does not threaten injury to another: because, in that case, one ought to be careful not to believe everyone readily, according to 1 Jn. 4:1: ‘Believe not every spirit.’” (Summa, 2nd of 2nd, 70, 3)

Therefore the Catholic position regarding the Marquis and his witness is this: the presumption of truth (presumed good) rests with them, but we need to be careful not to believe too readily, because what they are witnessing is indeed injurious to another, i.e. Liénart. This is our Catholic search criteria.

Who is the Marquis de la Franquerie

Marquis de la Franquerie was the pen name of André le Sage Franquerie la Tourre (1901 – 1992), a French Catholic, son of a lawyer, who at the age of 25 was made editor of the International Review of Secret Societies (i.e., Masonry) and has been credited for writing numerous Catholic publications. Some have attempted to smear him by calling him a "sensationalist writer" and therefore not worthy of credibility. The following is the list ^[i] of publications attributed to him. The reader can decide whether this smear against his reputation has any foundation or not:

The Divine Mission of France, Saint Michel editions 1955, reprinted by Editions Saint-Rémi, 2000 Cadillac.
Memory For The Renewal of The Consecration of France To Saint Michael, foreword by His Excellency, the Bishop Villerabel, Bishop of Annecy.
The Consecration of France and The Flag of The Sacred Heart, Sole Hope of Salvation.
The Holiness of The Royal House of France. Louis XVI, King and Martyr.
Vendee and The Chouans Save The Honor of France.
St. Joseph.
Charles Maurras , Defender of The Eternal Truths.
The Virgin Mary In The History of France (with a preface by Cardinal Baudrillart ). First published at the author, Bétous, 1939, XV-328 p. + 16 p. Of illustrated plates. Issue 2: Résiac editions, Montsûrs, 1974, 350 p. + 25 p. Of pictorial, [not of ISBN]. Issue 3: Résiac editions, Montsûrs, 1985, 347 p. + 16 p. of pictorial, ( ISBN 2-85268-103-X ).
Louis XVI , The Martyr King. First edition: Printing orphans-apprentices, Tarbes, 1945, 25 p. + 2 p. Of illustrated plates. – Issue 2: Résiac editions, Montsûrs, 1974, 47 p. – Issue 3: 1981, 47 p.
Saint Louis, King of France: lecture given at Versailles, May 10, 1952, the General Assembly of the Association Mary Elizabeth of France, in the author, in Condom, 1952, 30 p.
Papal Infallibility: The "Syllabus" and The Current Crisis of The Church – Issue 1: Printing Lussaud, Fontenay-le-Comte, 1970, II-66 p .. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged under the title Papal Infallibility: the "Syllabus", The Condemnation of Modernism and The Crisis of The Church: conferences: Dissemination of French Thought , Vouillé, 1973, 116 p. The Sacred Heart and France: Text of a lecture by the author in The Brunière, Vendee, on the occasion of the Feast of the Sacred Heart. First published editions Résiac, Montsûrs, 1974, 38 p. – Issue 2: 1980 (same pagination). – Issue 3: 1988 (same pagination). This 3rd edition specifies the date and place of the original conference: "Text of a lecture given at La Chapelle-Hermier June 29, 1973".
Madame Elisabeth de France: Text of a lecture given at Versailles May 10, 1948, editions Résiac, Montsûrs, 1974, 34 p. - Reissue: 1984.
Marie-Julie Jahenny , The Stigmatized Breton, Friends of Marie-Julie and The Fraudais, La Chapelle-Hermier, 1975, 66 p.
Saint Pius X , Savior of The Church and of France, Résiac editions, Montsûrs, 1976, 40 p., [no ISBN].
The Sacred and Divine Character of Royalty In France, Publishing Shire , Shire-en-Montreuil, 1978, 202 p., ( ISBN 2-85190-029-3 ).
The Cardinal Mindszenty Martyr Résiac editions, Montsurs, 1980, 40 p., [no ISBN].
The Holy Pope and The Great Monarch of The Prophecies, editions of the Shire , Shire-en-Montreuil, 1980, 43 p., [ISBN wrong according to the BN-Opale Plus catalog of the Bibliothèque nationale de France].
St. Remi, Miracle Worker and Apostle of The Franks, Résiac editions, Montsûrs, 1981, 27 p., [No ISBN]. - Text of a lecture delivered before September 30, 1971 Association St. Remi in Dijon.
Davidic Ancestry of The Kings of France and Their Relationship With Our Lord Jesus Christ, The Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Joseph, St. Joan of Arc editions, Villegenon, 1984, 79 p., [No ISBN].
The Consecration of The Human Race By Pius XII and That of France To The Immaculate Heart of Mary, Documents and Memorabilia, editions Ulysses al. "Library of Christian Bordeaux, " 1984, 182 p., ( ISBN 2-86558-010-5 ).
Lucifer and The Occult Power: The Judeo-Masonry Sects, Marxism, Democracy: Synagogue of Lucifer and Counter-Church, work not put on the market (but referenced by the BN-Opale Plus catalog of the Library nationale de France), 1984, 255 p.
St. Louis: Model of Sovereigns and Heads of State, Résiac editions, Montsûrs, 1985, 35 p., [ISBN vcatalogue wrong according to the BN-Opale Plus National Library of France].
Joan of Arc, The Maid: His Royal Mission, Temporal and Spiritual. Auch, June 30, 1956 N. Lalague, vg IMP. Ally, Grenoble
Joan of Arc, The Maid: Apostle and Martyr of Universal Kingship of Christ and The Sanctity and Divine The King of France, published by Saint Joan of Arc, Villegenon, 1988, 57 p., [No ISBN]
The Virtues of Martyrdom and of Queen Marie Antoinette, Saint Joan of Arc editions, Villegenon, 1992, 50 p., (ISBN 2-9504914-3-X).

In addition to these writing credentials, the Marquis also served as Papal Chamberlain to Pope Pius XII. This is a position of honor given by the Holy See to Catholics who have somehow distinguished themselves in a Catholic sense and whom the Holy See saw fit to pay tribute to in a very public way. That the Holy See under Pius XII would have bestowed this honor upon a “sensationalist writer” or an otherwise unworthy author is highly doubtful. This honor alone lends credibility to the Marquis.

Also contributing to the credibility of the Marquis is Dr. Marian Horvat. While I do not accept her theological position on the papacy, she is nevertheless an independent opinion on the Marquis as well as accomplished writer with a degree in Journalism and a Master’s and Doctorate in Medieval History. She had this to say about the Marquis: “The Marquis de Franquerie is a secure source, and I do not doubt his word that Cardinal Gasparri… was a Mason.” The Marquis’ source on Cardinal Gasparri was a man by the name of “Monsieur B.” ^[ii]

The Marquis’ Witness, “Monsieur B…”

“The essential qualifications of a witness are knowledge of the fact at issue and truthfulness: he must be an eye-witness and trustworthy.” (Catholic Encyclopedia, Witness)

The witness to Liénart’s Masonic membership that the Marquis cites in his book is simply named “Monsieur B.” Monsieur B., being a confidential witness, obviously affords us no opportunity to know him, other than what the Marquis has told us about him. The Marquis tells us that Monsieur B. was a former Freemason whom he met at Lourdes, France, where Monsieur B. was miraculously cured on July 19, 1932 of a festering sore that he had on his left foot for 14 years. The Marquis states this miraculous cure was recognized by the Bureau of Findings on July 18, 1933. ^[iii] It is this Monsieur B. that told the Marquis about Liénart. So, just who is this Monsieur B?

Guerard des Lauriers’ French paper, Sous la Banniere, identified Monsieur B as Anchille Billiet d’ Amiens. As the date of Mon. Billiet’s cure corresponds exactly with the date given by the Marquis, there can be no doubt that Sour le Banniere correctly identified the Marquis’ witness.

Monsieur Billeit's identity and cure was publicized in some Catholic periodicals at that time, including the Arkansas Catholic, the Southern Cross, and the French paper Nouvelliste Valaisan.

Further Accusations Against the Marquis

Some further attack the Marquis’ credibility by claiming that if he really did have evidence of Liénart’s Freemason ties, then he would have notified someone in the Church about it, rather than doing “nothing.”

But where is his accusers’ evidence that he did nothing? The fact of the matter is that there is no evidence that he did nothing – they are just making this up to discredit him. An allegation, by the way, which runs contrary to the Marquis’ past conduct:

“He denounced the alleged infiltration of Freemasonry in the Catholic Church, accusing in particular Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro. He also issued charges against the Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in decrying the policy which he considered close to the Masonic circles in newspaper articles and the Catholic hierarchy.” (Wikipedia, Andre de la Franquerie)

Whether the Marquis did something or did “nothing” as far as Liénart goes, I don’t know; but I do know that the 8th Commandment forbids us to bear false witness against our neighbor. And when certain people accuse the Marquis of fabricating the story about Liénart, which is a very serious charge, and present no evidence whatsoever to support their accusation, they are guilty of bearing false witness against him. And this for no other apparent reason than the fact that the Marquis exposed a truth which they didn't want to hear. It seems to me that what we are dealing with here is a simple case of character assassination; a classic “attack the messenger” ploy straight out of the devil's playbook. It is most unbecoming of men who call themselves Catholics to engage in such conduct. May God forgive them for smearing this man’s reputation.

In conclusion on the Marquis and his witness: the presumption of their truthfulness has not been proven otherwise. Therefore, according to Catholic principles, their testimony stands.

Marcel Lefebvre

Marcel Lefebvre publicly stated that Liénart was a Mason:

“I have seen it in Rome with my own eyes — on the back side of the cover, the photograph of Cardinal Liénart with all his Masonic paraphernalia…”

Some argue that the photograph Lefebvre spoke of did not show Liénart in Masonic paraphernalia at all, but rather in ordinary ecclesiastical attire. They therefore conclude that Marcel Lefebvre had a memory lapse and forthwith dismiss him as a credible witness against Liénart. But are they correct in doing this?

In any judicial proceeding, few if any witnesses are stronger than those who witnesses against his own interest. Witnesses are known to frequently lie to protect themselves and others, but none lie to indict themselves, which is why a witness against his own interest is such strong evidence of the truth in any matter. In fact, when someone witnesses against his own interest by “confessing” to a crime, no further evidence is needed to convict, because this type of witnessing alone is considered sufficient evidence as to the truth of the matter testified to. This is true not only in civil law, but in Church law as well:

“Hence no one is supposed to testify against himself, and therefore his testimony is admitted.” (Commentary on Canon Law, Augustine, C. 779, p. 96. Citing: Benedict XIV, “Postremo mense” Feb. 14, 1747, no. 31; cc. 110, 112, 113, Dist 4, de cons; Glossa ad c. 51, X, II, 20, s.v. “nisi juratus.”)

Now Marcel Lefebvre, in acknowledging that Liénart was a Mason, was a witness against his own interest. He wouldn’t have made this up because he had nothing to gain from it. In fact, just the opposite is true – he knew that it would be detrimental to him, which in fact, it was.

As to Lefebvre's “faulty memory,” let's take a look at that. The memory is “the faculty of retaining and recalling past experience.”^[iv] From this definition it is easy to see that a memory failure has to be a failure about something that was actually received by one of the senses (“past experience”) and stored into the memory. (When one remembers a dream, what they remember of the dream is that which was received through the senses of seeing, hearing… in the dream itself.) Admitting that the brain is an extremely complex organ and exactly how the memory works is still unknown by science, it is nevertheless certain that the normal path to the memory is almost exclusively through the five senses, unless, of course, one has a mental abnormality. As there is no reason to believe that Marcel Lefebvre had such an abnormality, we may reasonably conclude that his memory of seeing Liénart in his Masonic garb must have entered into his senses from somewhere - he didn’t just conjure it up out of the clear blue.

So if it is a fact that the Chiesa Viva magazine did not show Liénart in his Masonic regalia as Lefebvre stated, then it seems more probable that Lefebvre saw him somewhere dressed as a Mason, as opposed to have never seen him dressed as a Mason at all. It seems reasonable to me to conclude that Lefebvre’s “memory lapse” was about where he saw Liénart so clothed, rather than the fact that he saw him so clothed.

This of course raises an interesting question. Where in fact did Lefebvre see Liénart in his Masonic regalia? What were the chances that Liénart, “the Catholic Cardinal,” would be dressed in his Masonic clothing outside of a Masonic gathering? Stop to think about this. For two centuries the popes have been condemning Freemasonry and the penalty of excommunication was attached to any Catholic who joined them. What, therefore, would be the likelihood that a Cardinal would chance losing his career in the Church by allowing himself to be seen dressed as a Mason by anyone who wasn’t already a Mason himself? I am making no accusations here, just throwing out some food for thought.

2) Silence – The “Wish Upon a Star” Theology

These are the certain truths we know about Masonry from the teachings of the Church:

Masonry is evil (and all that this entails) and the destruction of Catholicism is one of its main objectives.
Those who become Freemasons are automatically excommunicated from the Church.

Beyond this broad summary, the Church has essentially been silent regarding Masonry. But the pro-validity group has determined that this silence is actually proof of something, i.e., that it proves that Masonic ordinations and consecrations are in fact valid. An interesting conclusion, but one void of merit.

Silence has evidentiary value, granted, but silence alone is proof of nothing except silence. That is why no court of law in any civilized country will ever convict a person based on silence alone. It is inconclusive.

Now to the best of everyone’s knowledge, the question of the doubtful validity of Freemasonic ordinations and consecrations has never been specifically addressed by the Church; she has been silent in this regard. The pro-validity group, however, has attempted to hijack this silence as proof that it supports their position, i.e., that the lack of a formal condemnation of Masonic Sacramental intention is proof positive that said intention must be accepted as valid. What they are essentially saying here, is that whatever the Church does not condemn, is approved. This, of course, is an absurdity. In vain will they look for doctrinal support for such a thesis. The silence of the Church and the silence of nearly all of her theologians on this topic cannot be claimed by either party to this discussion as proof of their position. It is simply silence. But that which we can do, and what I have been attempting to do in this article, is to apply Sacramental Theology to the facts that we know about Masonry and draw reasonable conclusions.

3) Presumption of Validity

General Presumption: Masonry = Adverse Sacramental Intention

In the Catholic Church, the fact that presumption favors the validity of a Sacrament is not disputed. This is the general rule and I am unaware of anyone who denies this. But the fact that the pro-validity group keeps making an issue of this fact is bewildering and seems to serve no other purpose than to provide them with a straw-man to beat up. No one denies that in the ordinary course of events, that when a Catholic bishop performs ordinations and consecrations, that they are to be accepted as valid – that’s the norm. But many rules admit of exceptions; and as has already been noted in this article, Freemasonry is one such exception. This exception to the rule has not been directly stated by the Church about Freemasons, true; but that it can be derived from certain principles is obvious. In fact, it is so obvious that I am not in the least surprised that it has rarely been addressed – it is a self-evident truth.

Without repeating everything in the above article, I will try to demonstrate this by giving a short synopsis of the pertinent controlling issues:

Every minister of the Sacraments has the capacity to destroy the validity of the Sacraments by an adverse intention alone.
Freemasons, as declared enemies of Catholicism, must reasonably be presumed to have an adverse intention to Catholicism.
In the normal course of events, when an enemy can inflict harm upon his opponent, he will do so.

It’s so simple: Liénart, as a Mason, was a declared enemy of Catholicism. He had the capacity to destroy the Sacramental Orders of Marcel Lefebvre. In the normal course of events, he would have done so.

Is there something complicated here? Doesn’t this presumption of an “adverse intention” in a Mason satisfy the time-tested standard employed by the Church of “gaining the assent of a prudent man”? Wouldn’t a prudent man assume that a declared enemy of Catholicism would likely have an adverse intention to Catholicism? How could he assume otherwise? Sometimes I am amazed that this argument even has to be made, because it is so patently self-evident. A prudent man would not entrust his welfare to the “good intentions” of a declared enemy! Neither would the Church, our spiritual mother, entrust the welfare of her children to the “good intentions” of her enemies.

Theologian Leeming

The theologian, Fr. Bernard Leeming, in his book Principles of Sacramental Theology has this to say about the intention of the minister of a Sacrament:

“Now there is always a presumption that a man intends to do what he actually does; nevertheless, a presumption is always liable to be overthrown by clear evidence. It is possible to speak certain words and yet have no real mind in accord with the words. It is clearly contrary to common sense to say that the spoken word inevitably reflects the inward mind; for lies and deceit are, unhappily, not unknown... ... (Principles of Sacramental Theology, Fr. Leeming, 1956, Presumption of Intention, p. 485-6)

And while acknowledging, as do the great majority of all theologians, that a defective intention "must be very rare," he however adds this:

“There is, nevertheless, the possibility of a minister deliberately willing not to confer the sacraments, while outwardly performing the rite with all decorum. Hatred might appear a plausible motive for such conduct; for instance, if a bishop had a particular rancour against a group of ordinands.” (Leeming, Ibid., p. 492)

Now Leo XIII stated in Humanum Genus (4/20/1884) that Masons desired “to assail the Church with irreconcilable hostility.” Does the reader see much of a difference between Leeming's “hatred” and Leo's “hostility”? A quick search through Thesaurus.com lists hostility as a synonym for hated and vice versa. That being the case, then we can without much difficulty substitute “hostility” in place of “hatred” in Leeming's quote and arrive at essentially the same conclusion: "Hostility might appear a plausible motive for such conduct..." But Leo XIII didn’t merely use the term “hostility,” he added the very strong adjective “irreconcilable” to it. So if “hostility” is a plausible motive to destroy the sacramental intention, with how much more reason can we assert the same for “irreconcilable hostility”!

A Noted Theologian Deals a Grave Wound to the Pro-Validity Group

This issue of Masonic Sacramental intention was indirectly addressed by a respected theologian, Augustin Lehmkuhl, in a case regarding a priest he called Fabricius, who had become a member of a forbidden society. While Lehmkuhl does not specifically mention Masonry by name, that Masonry is a forbidden society is disputed by no Catholic, and so Lehmkuhl’s conclusion on the sacraments conferred by someone who had joined a forbidden society is justifiably and appropriately applied to Masonry as well, for no rational argument can be made as to why it would not apply.

“Lehmkuhl gives an interesting case of conscience on the point. A certain priest had lost his faith and had joined a forbidden society, after which time he began to perform his priestly duties in an external manner only. He religiously observed the correct and exact performance of the matter and the form in the sacraments he administered, but inwardly he intended not to do what the Church does and what Christ instituted. The solution of the case declares that the sacraments conferred by the priest were null and to be repeated absolutely.” (The Dogmatic Theology on the Intention of the Minister in the Confection of the Sacraments by Rev. Raphael De Salvo, O.S.B., S.T.L. 1949, referencing Casus Conscientiae, Vol. II, p. 14, Casus 7, Augustin Lehmkuhl, 1903)

There are two notable points of interest here.

Firstly, Lehmkuhl makes no exception for validity regarding any of the Sacraments: “the sacraments conferred by the priest were null.” Every Sacrament that this priest ostensibly confected since his membership in the forbidden society was invalid. None of them took place.

Secondly, and more importantly, he declares that all of the Sacraments conferred by this priest to be repeated “absolutely.” In stating that they are to be repeated “absolutely” rather than repeated “conditionally,” Lehmkuhl is making it clear that he considers the Sacraments conferred by Fabricius, since his membership in a forbidden society, to be not simply doubtfully valid, but rather certainly invalid. For according to Church law, if there was a prudent doubt as to their validity, then they would be repeated “conditionally,” not “absolutely”:

“The Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and Orders which imprint a character cannot be received a second time. If, however, there is a prudent doubt whether they have been conferred at all, or whether they were validly conferred, they may be conditionally repeated.” (Canon 732)

So as the reader can readily see, Lehmkuhl took a much harder position on this issue than I do. My tamer position of doubtfully valid Sacraments is not shared by Augustine Lehmkuhl; rather, his position is that these Sacraments are certainly invalid. Lehmkuhl was a noted theologian. I am not a theologian at all. You decide who is most probably correct.

4) Presumption of Validity - A Dead End

"Presumption of Validity" is Only a Temporary State of Affairs

The strongest argument put forward by the pro-validity group is that the presumption of validity of Holy Orders has not been overcome by the evidence and therefore those possessing doubtful Holy Orders may safely exercise those Orders. Even assuming arguendo, that the evidence against them is insufficient, this is still all wrong. Contrary to what the pro-validity group would have us believe, presumption of validity is not a final conclusion which allows a cleric with doubtful Orders to function, but rather a starting point in a judicial proceeding which must reach a final and definitive conclusion.

Canon 1993^[v] requires all cases of doubtful Holy Orders to be submitted to the Holy See for judicial resolution. The Church grants to those whose Holy Orders are in question the presumption of validity until the Holy See renders its judgment. Now since Church law requires a judicial resolution, it is self evident that the presumption of validity is merely a temporary state, not a final one. But the pro-validity group has been functioning with presumed valid Orders for decades now without any authoritative resolution in sight. This state of affairs was never envisioned by the Church nor has the pro-validity group given us any doctrinal support for it. That one can function decade after decade and from episcopal generation to episcopal generation under the legal label of presumed validity is a total novelty and brings with it all the dangers inherently attached to novelties in the Church, i.e., they are usually wrong.

Fact vs Presumption

American civil law is very similar to Church law inasmuch insomuch as someone accused of a crime enjoys the presumption of innocence until proven guilty. But while all are presumed innocent, we know that the reality is often quite different, for many of the presumed innocent are in fact guilty. This fact demonstrates the error of resting contently on the status of presumed validity of Orders; for while all enjoy the presumption of validity, the reality, just as in American criminal law, is often quite different.

Clerics Forbidden to Function with Presumed Valid Holy Orders

The strongest argument against the pro-validity group and their practice of functioning with presumed valid Orders is that doing so is clearly forbidden by Church law:

“Though an action [against validity of Holy Orders] was instituted merely for the purpose of being freed from the obligations arising from sacred orders, not against the validity of the ordination, the cleric is nevertheless to be forbidden ad cautelam [for security] to exercise the sacred orders.” (Canon 1997. Emphasis in original)

This law is in perfect harmony with moral theology and absolutely condemns the practice of the pro-validity group of functioning with doubtful Orders under the pretext that presumption of validity favors them.

5) Historical Precedence?

Talleyrand

The pro-validity group often cites the case of Talleyrand (a Masonic bishop of 18th century revolutionary France) as proof of the validity of Masonic Sacramental Orders. Talleyrand, along with two co-consecrators, consecrated bishops for the new Constitutional Church of the French revolutionary government in 1791. Of interest is when Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the Concordat of 1801, in which Concordat Pius VII did not (at least publicly) require the “re-consecration” of the bishops of the Constitutional Church before assigning them to their respective dioceses. Because of this, the pro-validity group argues that Talleyrand demonstrates that if not in doctrine, then at least in practice, the Church accepts Masonic consecrations as valid.

That Talleyrand was a scoundrel is beyond question. But to draw from his history the conclusion that Masonic consecrations are deemed valid by the Church is nothing more than wishful thinking. There are actually many possible explanations as to why the Constitutional bishops were not publicly re-consecrated besides the pro-validity group’s “Masonic Orders are therefore valid” conclusion. For example:

Does one know that neither of the two co-consecrators (one of whom was personally consecrated by Pope Pius VI) didn’t supply the necessary matter, form and intention like co-consecrators are supposed to?
Does one know that even if Talleyrand invalidly consecrated other bishops, that he didn’t mention this to someone before his death, thereby allowing the Church to take corrective action? Talleyrand, scoundrel though he was, faithfully wore the Brown Scapular all of his life and died reconciled to the Catholic Church. He received the Last Rites and was in communication with Pope Gregory XVI shortly before his death. If he had done something so insidious as to have withheld his Sacramental intention, upon which the validity of all of the bishops of France depended, don’t you think he would have said something to someone? To Pope Gregory XVI, to his confessor, to someone?
Does one know that even if Talleyrand’s consecrations were questionable, that the Church didn’t quietly correct them? The one thing that the recent media attention has brought to the forefront in the so-called priest-pedophile scandal is that the Church deals with the problems of her priests privately (pre-Vatican II as well). If this is the case with priests, how much more would it have been so regarding the high profile bishops of the Constitutional church?
Does one know whether Talleyrand, like Liénart, was a dedicated 30 degree Freemason, or just an initiate, and therefore not necessarily a proven, diehard anti-Catholic? Or that he didn’t simply join Masonry as a political expedient to advance his career without embracing their beliefs? For after all, the political landscape of France at that time essentially required Masonic affiliation for political success.

These are but a few of the possible explanations as to why the Church didn’t require a public re-consecration of the Constitutional bishops.

Talleyrand Testifies

But, in fact, there is no need to “divine” the Sacramental intention of Talleyrand when he consecrated bishops for the Constitutional Church, because unlike Liénart, Talleyrand left us written evidence of his intention:

“He only remarks that in 1790 France was in danger of becoming presbyterian [i.e., a Church with priests but no bishops] if nobody could be found in the episcopate to invest a constitutional prelate with the bishop's office, ‘for in that case France might have been lost forever to Catholicism, the hierarchy and rites of which are in harmony with the monarchical system.’” (Talleyrand, Lady Blennerhassett, 1894; quoting from Talleyrand’s Memoirs)

So Talleyrand wrote in his memoirs that his intention in performing these consecrations was to preserve Catholic apostolicity in France, not to destroy the Church. Considering this, it is of course no surprise at all that the bishops he consecrated were not conditionally re-consecrated. In fact, it would have been contrary to Church law to have done so.

So we see that the Talleyrand case does not demonstrate that the Church considers Freemasonic Sacramental intention to be valid. His case actually brings no light to this issue at all.

Rampolla

Mention is also made of Cardinal Rampolla as evidence to support the contention of the presumed validity of Masonic Sacraments. It is claimed that 40 American bishops between 1896 and 1944 can trace their consecrations back to two bishops, namely Martinelli and Merry del Val, both of whom were consecrated by Freemason Cardinal Rampolla. It is therefore argued that if Masonic Orders must be considered as doubtful, then Martinelli and Merry del Val would also have to be considered as doubtfully consecrated, along with the 40 American bishops of their lineage. The consequences of this would be enormous.

But many of the same questions can be asked of Rampolla as those asked of Talleyrand. Does anyone know, for instance, that after the post-mortem discovery of Rampolla’s Masonic membership that the Church didn’t quietly do her incumbent duty of investigating his affairs and made any corrections deemed necessary? Is it known that the co-consecrators present at Martinelli’s and Merry del Val’s consecrations didn’t understand that a “co-consecrator” is more than just a potted plant and did their incumbent duty of “co-consecrating”? Among the three bishops present at the consecration of a bishop, the principle consecrator and the two co-consecrators, all that is required for a valid consecration is that one of the three performs his duty at the very few essential parts of the consecration.

Also consider that Merry del Val, who held the powerful office of Cardinal Secretary of State under Pope St. Pius X, was reputed to be both a very holy prelate (his cause for canonization was introduced in 1953) and a very competent one. Is one supposed to believe that a prelate of his stature and influence would have allowed Rompolla’s Masonic membership to go uninvestigated, especially since Rompolla was the bishop who consecrated him?

I will admit that I don’t know the answer to the above questions, but neither does anyone else, and that’s the problem with the pro-validity group's position. Conclusions are reached by them based on the absence of knowledge to the contrary. That this methodology is flawed should be self-evident to all.

Manifest Absurdities

An argument is also made that if we must consider Masonic Sacraments as doubtful, then that could translate into vast numbers of people, at least in certain locations, of receiving questionable Sacraments for perhaps hundreds of years. Such a conclusion is alleged to be a “manifest absurdity.”

But the idea that God would punish an entire nation for its sins by withdrawing the Sacraments from it is not a manifest absurdity, rather a historical fact that cannot be denied - in fact, He has done so many times throughout the history of the Church, as any student of Catholic history will tell you. So the notion that God might have inflicted such a punishment upon mankind through the agency of Freemasonry is not evidence of a manifest absurdity at all. God punishes guilty man by whatever instrument He so chooses; and this kind of “manifest absurdity” reasoning would ultimately lead us to reject everything from the Biblical account of the deluge all the way to the historical fact of Vatican Council II as “absurdities.”

Safer Course

One will notice how the pro-validity group has altogether avoided the Church’s doctrine of the necessity of choosing the safer course in doubtful Sacraments. Ignoring this doctrine, as with any of the Church’s doctrines, is a perilous thing to do. And in applying this doctrine to the facts surrounding Liénart and Lefebvre, I cannot see how one can get past the fact that the necessary requirement of moral certitude is lacking in both of them. According to Catholic doctrine, therefore, at least in the practical order of things, we must reject these consecrations and proceed as if they had never taken place.

An Appeal

Talleyrand is dead. Liénart is dead. Marcel Lefebvre is dead. Bishop Thuc is dead. You and I are next. A sobering reality that I hope bears heavily upon what we profess and say – we will be judged on both counts.

The question of the validity of Marcel Lefebvre’s or Bishop Thuc’s Orders has no direct bearing on me whatsoever. I simply believe that many have been misled regarding the Orders emanating from both of these men, and this article was written in an effort to correct that. On my part, if I am mistaken about anything that I’ve written, I will gladly make the necessary corrections along with my apologies. On the part of those who defend the validity of the Orders emanating from Marcel Lefebvre and Bishop Thuc, if they are mistaken about their position on this issue, playing ostrich or defending themselves at all costs is not the solution. All that matters here is the truth, and if we find ourselves in conflict with it, as sometimes is all too human, the only solution is to recognize the error and to take whatever corrective measures are necessary. Only by doing this will God and His Church be served and our own salvation not be imperiled.

“The Church will be punished because the majority of Her members, high and low, will become so perverted. The Church will sink deeper and deeper until She will at last seem to be extinguished, and the succession of Peter and the other Apostles to have expired. But, after this, She will be victoriously exalted in the sight of all doubters.” St. Nicholas von Flue

_____________________________________

^[i] Taken from Wikipedia: André le Sage Franquerie la Tourre

^[ii] http://www.traditioninaction.org/Questions/E012_Gasparri.htm

^[iii]“Il nous a été donné de rencontrer á Lourdes un ancien franc-macon qui y avait été miraculeusement guéri le 19 juillet 1932 d’une plaie suppurante depuis quatorze ans au pied gauche – guérison reconnue par le Bureau des Constatations le 18 juillet 1933. Ce miraculé, Monsieur B…, nous raconta qu’au temps oú il fréquentait une loge luciférienne, il y recontra le cardinal qu’il reconnut et in fut abasourdi…”

^[iv] www.thefreedictionary.com

^[v] “In cases in which the obligations contracted by sacred ordination or the validity itself of the sacred ordinations is attacked, the bill of complaint must be submitted to the Sacred Congregation of the Sacraments; or, if the ordination is attacked on account of a substantial defect in the sacred rite, to the Sacred Congregation of the Holy See. The Sacred Congregation (of the Sacraments or of the Holy Office) shall decide whether the case is to be discussed in the form of an ordinary trial or in an informal manner – the so-called via disciplinaris. If the Sacred Congregation decides on a formal trail, it shall remand the case to the tribunal of the diocese which was the proper diocese of the cleric at the time of the ordination in question, except in the case in which the orders are attacked on account of a substantial defect in the sacred rite, in which event the case is to be remanded to the tribunal of the diocese in which the ordination took place. The appeal in the case is governed by Canon 1594-1601. If the Sacred Congregation decides to discuss the case in the disciplinary way, it orders the competent tribunal of the diocese to institute the process for the information of the Sacred Congregation, and, after this has been submitted, it renders the decision.” (Canon 1993)

~~Bishop~~ Joseph Marie @ bishopjosephmarie.org

Here is yet another refutation:

Blogger "Introibo ad Altare Dei" Taken to Task